From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Authentication-Results: mail.toke.dk; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=; dkim=pass header.d=auckland.ac.nz; arc=pass; dmarc=pass (Used From Domain Record) header.from=auckland.ac.nz policy.dmarc=reject Received: from SY5PR01CU010.outbound.protection.outlook.com (mail-australiaeastazlp170120004.outbound.protection.outlook.com [IPv6:2a01:111:f403:c40d::4]) by mail.toke.dk (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 8C292BC2E1B for ; Sat, 17 Jan 2026 00:30:15 +0100 (CET) ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; s=arcselector10001; d=microsoft.com; cv=none; b=geZ+L1ZX8can6Cao7KLvYKYzD9kS8cN/AxTRIJxs4wl8uLfKtsucTbbDpx+uZoAYqH+G2A7HJOPmwm97G2fQvoy5M8GqabdBMUmxF7WSGpvad8Yr82DTFpJB/4jzBM+UEKcNOnnGWQ4BB8zUNDiB49fYsswJsiMKsvofvIRZj4o65IfxxXZMzKRqNPsNFlgLh342xY/uS98vtAauc8+RyWpYClAAEecgH3KVxcbNt+66XrhyAu/1G5kdBg/nn/M2jCZHAReB1O38cwSjTwHeKf5H/Lz42VzYgdA2d7ZqhRRQrB9BEWN9LjgXDwhbGB4p+EYrSoSy1jyYpZUpjXFN4Q== ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=microsoft.com; s=arcselector10001; h=From:Date:Subject:Message-ID:Content-Type:MIME-Version:X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-MessageData-ChunkCount:X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-MessageData-0:X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-MessageData-1; bh=TFOlAHn8MjHrc9GReH2Q/UAugFKa0oU9F9IA6ATtPgk=; b=NNiaTWo1tbC8cVkRgCV13nyHpG/T1sl+TDEC5aVgad1AVfEDrmNTRU4wA0/rgo2HhNExGXzag4/CAySNO8+DBAsLOS0u8Q8nsWU1gVaM9R3rq0idMKLhKLWr8JM1fpNSlqtZ4bmfve2OutlvRtvGA/LJaJg+3caS9vHWk9JCoOFLtOcrZRZ/88YJUpa4VtfUsEnHB6NaRs15+txrIKxTuh1IX9Rz492VZzw5AgH1sIJJG2xg0ivgNhFT/53MwMmPgGmZny6F1F124Sc2yRAx1+twhGmO6nXvpzwzK2sq8jQSToZgu9IOrtP31bIfyDJrTmCalO6UQMGXz+CCZElhvg== ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; mx.microsoft.com 1; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=auckland.ac.nz; dmarc=pass action=none header.from=auckland.ac.nz; dkim=pass header.d=auckland.ac.nz; arc=none DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=auckland.ac.nz; s=selector1; h=From:Date:Subject:Message-ID:Content-Type:MIME-Version:X-MS-Exchange-SenderADCheck; bh=TFOlAHn8MjHrc9GReH2Q/UAugFKa0oU9F9IA6ATtPgk=; b=Uzt9SV8nSIi2IRXN7oxW0gODoUSpt5SogH4rtXGFGzqp4HZMVBJjgfGPV2BEUQoHGpZvMjT4sK97QuUmKeBJTjhdmNEpJ9hsPH98mzM2Rrp0Ph+sASSi2HE6GERSSeaTQh6GNcb+wo+j4PmNJWxnRe72Zy9S4wJdfY/RFicQm7w= Received: from SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM (2603:10c6:10:297::19) by SY7P300MB1323.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM (2603:10c6:10:2c3::21) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2, cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384) id 15.20.9520.9; Fri, 16 Jan 2026 23:30:07 +0000 Received: from SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM ([fe80::2100:96f2:f11b:4fc2]) by SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM ([fe80::2100:96f2:f11b:4fc2%5]) with mapi id 15.20.9520.006; Fri, 16 Jan 2026 23:30:07 +0000 Message-ID: <1412cd78-ec8e-487f-8086-6ea51b4301a5@auckland.ac.nz> Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 12:30:03 +1300 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird To: Michael Richardson , starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net References: <176851123059.1249.8585659892308012167@gauss> <5ea10a2c-4549-4d7f-9563-c5dc590857b0@auckland.ac.nz> <13187.1768590201@obiwan.sandelman.ca> Content-Language: en-US From: Ulrich Speidel In-Reply-To: <13187.1768590201@obiwan.sandelman.ca> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-ClientProxiedBy: AK0P299CA0025.NZLP299.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM (2603:10c6:108:16::7) To SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM (2603:10c6:10:297::19) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-MS-PublicTrafficType: Email X-MS-TrafficTypeDiagnostic: SY8P300MB0544:EE_|SY7P300MB1323:EE_ X-MS-Office365-Filtering-Correlation-Id: 1551b682-6613-41fc-7c23-08de55572f28 X-MS-Exchange-SenderADCheck: 1 X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-Relay: 0 X-Microsoft-Antispam: BCL:0;ARA:13230040|786006|366016|1800799024|376014; X-Microsoft-Antispam-Message-Info: =?utf-8?B?OU1kbUlkUlVIem42RGtOYmMrOVdZNzU0ZUZIQmt3TnVxeWtLNHcycDZYNVhk?= =?utf-8?B?YkNJdHIvNFphSGhDd2RnWG5BaFZDYXdISHREcm12RTk0eXVaYnc2VlhBZ2Rn?= =?utf-8?B?ekdIUTA5QUZVaSswZ2d4RkZYMHQ2Sm4rOTdidC9VM3JHcTBvRFNGUTBZUHZP?= =?utf-8?B?U1JoQ0lMK1VHam00enlEWGxVOGpyUkI3WEE4VzVJS21pQ2JsR2I2RUlQU0tZ?= =?utf-8?B?dkd4dXNSMi9SMXB4WFdhY3FVeHhxQlJoQWhhV2xyZ1l1Nm9pUUc4TlZJckhw?= =?utf-8?B?UGt3UDFHTHRYS3QybHMwL3Bpb3hlc1NuNklCSVI2eS9waGFjVlE3Snlha3Jq?= =?utf-8?B?dUt5THAyMlZsMFo0ZlJ2Uk9JYTBtaTZYSkJDb2lpOEVGaHFWeGFrT05rcENn?= =?utf-8?B?UFB0QTA2YUl4cTVIMFZMZnh6S1lRYklIdkJ2Z092RUNaNWpJMytCdFNLR1I5?= =?utf-8?B?YkMyZzI4SEg1dllJZDhZbkFWVHVHMUYranBnR1N0NGp2aVZ4d3JCaDVSWEFx?= =?utf-8?B?bGx5MkxMd2VaZmlGaXRHeE02aG5tekZScU9IajQ4Q1FqRGt5eWZ3akU5VWNK?= =?utf-8?B?Sjl0YTFLdnJCS1gxczBuSGk4VWFkN2hFUzlERnE5OGlFdXdQdkg1ZitaeHBh?= =?utf-8?B?RE5DcDV4Y3hYbWlYa2RoZ3hnODAyckhPWlRrVFp3YndsdDYzOGJLQXdOcGwy?= =?utf-8?B?SCtkQytDbng5ZEVwNkt3RUdrR00xZEVFb2w3UmVubTlyaE1TU1B3MndCZ1N2?= =?utf-8?B?dHNndWtTeWZNUVh4YSs1QnJKbURNb3I0dDdPY0lRSG9vSkFMNDdBWHBoRjVC?= =?utf-8?B?OENwVnV1cW82VTlRWlBxY2QvYXUzTW1qSy8velUwbFR4dkpEb1ZYMWhSZ1BB?= =?utf-8?B?YWttQ3JyZ0ZVUExERm9icXJhVlZGWk9XZE5XN29seENZdVhUQUVlYzVsK0JT?= =?utf-8?B?aEhLRmoxTExweWF0cGc3eGQ0Y2luTy9WbDJiRWk5OTNMdVF5OFByZ2Vsdmlt?= =?utf-8?B?V2JBbEtPSUM3ZW04cnNxNWFDcFJiNDdlV2RLRjlUeXJUQyt5a2hiNWROSGxz?= =?utf-8?B?ZTVHNGNMeWtWbXN3OERFaE9YdmVqbDZqbm9UTVVMaU1kREdWUGV5am1KYVdS?= =?utf-8?B?Wjk0dGVSb0xFcC9LTnVLNW4xRk5rUllUU3psTXFDZ3BMdFJqVXV6N3B2NEhz?= =?utf-8?B?RzNjT1NUbUNneFMxcSt3dW11WjlidXVzeVY5bVhXVVlnYkxLSmFOUXNoSGdj?= =?utf-8?B?TlVrajNnTVZ2OW4wekx1VGZ4YlFZWFVGeUpad3M2WUhJMjBTVXdRTEVNbjd3?= =?utf-8?B?c1Vieis3dkhjS1JFc05yNXV4dStIU2JPbFRscmsvMU5WZ2NiUklYTjZwRXJ0?= =?utf-8?B?dHRaSWZqa3BSKy85cVR6d1lyOUlzVzdoSHpDVWsyd2JQT2l4SEhFbGVBditK?= =?utf-8?B?N1NmU3dNVG11SzR5c3ZQQitpT1BzUWdhalI3NVFXUm9TTWltcWRZbGRKaEdk?= =?utf-8?B?ZnNhU1V2TEY3TjZrQThFa0pnWDZUSzM1RGNDSGpuclVmOHU4MWJGY0MxenZa?= =?utf-8?B?RnJYRnFqUlkwa3gySzRPbGYyS2l6NXZ3Ry9oM0RkNmQ2dzhBRmEyLzRkSzQx?= =?utf-8?B?MG14TkVXeFJLVFBzV1FsVzF6Tks1YVVYdkZ5VzB0WGthOUdIZU9iZUdQVHY0?= =?utf-8?B?MlYyNXo2Mm01a0JuYnRyOWJYdTBtdFFCUko3Vmdwb09oL1RtSEdKcmVibkZK?= =?utf-8?B?eU5LMTI1QTVzNGFNSW0xNmRSaDRmMXpVZnBDNFdsYTF4aTdXNjdmcUNtanp3?= =?utf-8?B?bW94bVdYV3Nac3AwNXpUZVVnVnBFdlhOdk9YR09xdi9TRFFaekFxdzVhTUp4?= =?utf-8?B?MUowSEloQ21FbHdVMU84Qk9VcTdINzhLZWlFbFozaEs1N0J6c1ZmY2liOUla?= =?utf-8?B?amJQZ3JvdzdVVXR2RGJQU3EvQVlFMGRORERWaXhPNEtMSHN6NzRMeGkzSFdv?= =?utf-8?B?U0pPZ3RWM200ZDhlaXZxVlhxdHZzRzYrMzkyTVZqQklwTlJmOGZwM0FSTVNk?= =?utf-8?B?Qm5RNHR4anNKRG9HdDlXcjdpVm01YklQT01tTlFuZk1BOHgwTEFFQ0tCWFlQ?= =?utf-8?Q?Zimc=3D?= X-Forefront-Antispam-Report: CIP:255.255.255.255;CTRY:;LANG:en;SCL:1;SRV:;IPV:NLI;SFV:NSPM;H:SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM;PTR:;CAT:NONE;SFS:(13230040)(786006)(366016)(1800799024)(376014);DIR:OUT;SFP:1102; X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-MessageData-ChunkCount: 1 X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-MessageData-0: =?utf-8?B?aER4WUlJMDhVWmxjNmVtK3dSUXM0V3JXSWlXNmxITDUybEdKMjZCWU1jbG0z?= =?utf-8?B?WEN1amxadmNLWEtHZmk2REFqU0ViNE5KSTQ5dk5QMFN4ZzlDQjJIWVEybCs2?= =?utf-8?B?RHZlNmZCU1JwSzE1RXpNQmtXdGloaVlUL05HRFVGb0sxeGhsZWZaRy9DT3RZ?= =?utf-8?B?cS83emJXZkhtUDBRK2VEcWFYbm9EbmVQcXRUclJCVDhzK2IyYXFRUVVRdzdV?= =?utf-8?B?d1NKNGFMSjdtUlRLV0NRMEI3a1J0elBRTys5b3JpbEh1NVU4NVZXaUlOYTBL?= =?utf-8?B?ZjQ1VGNzOFRCbkd1empydU50bWJlb0xRaXZ1NWI3aklhUHdXZ0RjQmJHTit1?= =?utf-8?B?c214OU03dmV1SkQySzlCWTJ3ZnhVMG05R2VCRW5qVjg5TjZFc1pkMkY1M0Ri?= =?utf-8?B?anUyOHR6MUhMd28xZGlkYkxFWjBDWEtHdWMrUTdRanZKVWY1YTlaM2trOE5l?= =?utf-8?B?dWxGbHFvNVNBU0ZuZ0F4MHlRMHZuamNtOXoweUFmN3B2bDNZUkpua1dRNWo1?= =?utf-8?B?UWdUTVBEeVZETlBMTitPTzVxTktnc2pFRlZDMnVtNVEra0VVcisreXpTMjRs?= =?utf-8?B?REVKY0ppTEYzcS9MSmtsOS9jNG9seW1wS05zem5rRitwSEh1aDBLS3VNMUFS?= =?utf-8?B?YlkrS2s3Q010dDdXT0x6a2ZDTkxTTkJuRlFMVUpqYWxETENnSU1DZm0yOVJW?= =?utf-8?B?QU93L0xHR2dHTXB1b3cyZHJ3bmhTcDRDbExkaDFoWHFGYzc3d1UxdlMrd2xv?= =?utf-8?B?YWg4R1FVY1NYSE9nUHo4RXF2OW9ucnlwTXJ5SW1xUXpVYm5YRnlwZldlUXl5?= =?utf-8?B?T2xDWUphdnROcHdWK1hkY1BpTEowVzRhZEpQdDJnTnppNkVtY3VFckwwcjlz?= =?utf-8?B?WnR4NUNwMisyNTNOTzJOclRpSno2Y3ZNNmZuekpLY0dGeVNEbVkrVFg2Sld3?= =?utf-8?B?SEp1QVNKbm45L245VGlWeU8reFNjLzJLd0IrTUgxVVVaMFRBaDhEakVVS0ox?= =?utf-8?B?Qm1idnlWenJvR1FESGx6ZmlCZlFJaTNsSDNwUVZibHNySmk0SEIxWTE2TW5U?= =?utf-8?B?VytiT0NTVEVWTkYzcU8yZklkZHlhcFE3dWdiVXl2UHphK2pQOGowQ1k4eTl5?= =?utf-8?B?cWJRZzdBN1dGLzFUWkFpV21CeEJiRVhRZ0dmV0g5b3VKVXo0SVFMbFM5M21K?= =?utf-8?B?NHlQdkxYNFlZWUVVbGxQZzQ5WWVHNTlaWHBGVXhMVm56OWZMQWpadDRvYnpl?= =?utf-8?B?Q2ZIaTFjY09odTJhNlNHTDNiNndibTRMOSttYzZOL3FiaFRqaUVKbjlRalRx?= =?utf-8?B?UEQ5anFpRzAwRUYyU0FPeGFIUmlrSWxrdUxSTnBEbTl4bUNYeHdBOEdyZm5C?= =?utf-8?B?ZGQvNHBuenVTOWpXMUhwZ2RZUGN6dWFhdHBrZm4zejh1QnVLK2RpM2EyMFNw?= =?utf-8?B?WDNBbGk1cXp0aEV1Z3M4T2w4bVdNVEw5akIrVDk0SEtNUmluM3oyZ0dJMU9B?= =?utf-8?B?OUpZbXZJdlRJb0NhYkNteHdxeDdzL29KT0c5Y2VMVjJLMjc0UVlGbW1GVFFO?= =?utf-8?B?RlprajZHQzBtcHVEZi9vY0F3bURwaW5HK2x3TnNyNFZIRXNUUGhKYnNUNkts?= =?utf-8?B?UTArZmkxc044dXVxQmVOaGNXQm00N2piT1dpY0dhNk4xeXpFWTJma1dRL0Mz?= =?utf-8?B?U0NpVDVsRjdNQTlOZG5jMUhuMWVpRUZJbnRnT2Q2b0RQVXg4cVhIMHJ0SVNt?= =?utf-8?B?enhZMFJQTnB0eUhmcnZFM2o5ZVFYUHRtUXY4Qmt2eC9GK3hqQnViaFY3QWJB?= =?utf-8?B?c1Z6REZkMXg1TjlqdTllY1RVUFZ0c2lnTnlNMjAxRjdlUXVuWEhqZENXSnhx?= =?utf-8?B?WjRJTzh4eGpTM1FzeXNKa09SbDFkQXFyZEpVd0JpMFREYSsxOEZNMk5DVU1y?= =?utf-8?B?WGw1UWUxWjRTd1pIN3RaVTY2RXQ4aFI1WmxzOFFPQ2NVeWdxQTh4eEZjMkFS?= =?utf-8?B?UjNDMVBZeWFFVVFDSVpWbzE3RU42cGwrK0RnMjFJV1BINzUwLzNhTXhxcTdq?= =?utf-8?B?NVRRd25nUUdGZnBqZ1JXbmFTb2c3ekw1bmN6QUo1Z1ZXVTFJbTBWcWpGK1NL?= =?utf-8?B?YzNvZUZBWjMwd0FyU2FuTzg0aFhGQkxEV1d6eGEwM3RQTjZFWTAwN1ovNnF1?= =?utf-8?B?OUlzdlk2LzB4YUlyb0xnSnJxcGdxNTF6anFmYUZ1blRxK00rSUg5cytucnV5?= =?utf-8?B?dGtPREtIRFN4a3MydnJZa3ZxdmFrdzd0Vkk3WGxZSUZZb0Y2MjdjNnBmZW40?= =?utf-8?B?clNDbnZIMWZ1UEo5Ull3UzgrbHlkSWNwcU9QN21Qb1FBWDlWTmcwTDNOS1h6?= =?utf-8?Q?3+20vGSkwDtidu04=3D?= X-OriginatorOrg: auckland.ac.nz X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-Network-Message-Id: 1551b682-6613-41fc-7c23-08de55572f28 X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-AuthSource: SY8P300MB0544.AUSP300.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-AuthAs: Internal X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-OriginalArrivalTime: 16 Jan 2026 23:30:07.6270 (UTC) X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-FromEntityHeader: Hosted X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-Id: d1b36e95-0d50-42e9-958f-b63fa906beaa X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-MailboxType: HOSTED X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-UserPrincipalName: hKUiJ3wtRx1uOPYvLkg/OlKQvi1MclIU3aIkw3APFQRSA+2+jycxL5djPTlqxyjM15EuRljhHZO8sJwKgeRz4zlxl71SgakM1hxzMaFf0hk= X-MS-Exchange-Transport-CrossTenantHeadersStamped: SY7P300MB1323 Message-ID-Hash: MFPTNPMJABO5MMFJRB2SEUIMYTOZGPHC X-Message-ID-Hash: MFPTNPMJABO5MMFJRB2SEUIMYTOZGPHC X-MailFrom: u.speidel@auckland.ac.nz X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; loop; banned-address; emergency; member-moderation; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.10 Precedence: list Subject: [Starlink] Re: Starlink and Iran List-Id: "Starlink has bufferbloat. Bad." Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On 17/01/2026 8:03 am, Michael Richardson wrote: > Ulrich Speidel via Starlink wrote: > > here. Why? Because there is a limit on the amount of power per square metre > > and MHz of bandwidth (EPFD) that systems such as Starlink may project onto > > the surface of the Earth. It's an ITU-imposed limit, so the FCC can't really > > do much about it. SpaceX are on public record for not being happy with it and > > with their v2's they're riding right up against that limit. > > 1. Who checks/enforces this ITU limit? The licensing authorities in the respective countries (i.e., the FCC in the US - and they're held to account by their competitors, of which SpaceX has a few in the US). At an international level, if one country were to ignore this, so would everyone else, which would make space-to-ground comms in these bands pretty unworkable pretty quickly as there'd be a lot of "my output power is bigger than yours" happening. One of the main reasons for having this limit is to ensure GEO sats can get their signals through. Whether the current level that the limit is set at and the way it's computed is appropriate is another question, and SpaceX have certainly tried to litigate that before the FCC. > 2. Could the physically satellites go higher over some territory? How much higher? > I assume it's software controlled. A satellite has three types of energy that determine its orbital motion: Potential energy from orbital height, kinetic energy from moving, and energy stored in its thruster fuel. If you don't use the thrusters, the normal course of events is that over time, you convert potential energy into kinetic energy and eventually lose height to end up in the upper reaches of the atmosphere where you burn up. To increase or even just maintain orbital height, you need to convert fuel energy and kinetic energy into potential energy. Just converting kinetic energy into potential energy isn't enough - it leaves your satellite with too little kinetic energy to keep orbiting. So yes the satellites can in principle go a bit higher but at the expense of fuel and therefore lifespan. -- **************************************************************** Dr. Ulrich Speidel School of Computer Science Room 303S.594 (City Campus) The University of Auckland u.speidel@auckland.ac.nz http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~ulrich/ ****************************************************************