* [Starlink] Re: Fwd: Mapping Starlink's global IP transit providers
2025-10-26 17:38 ` [Starlink] Fwd: Mapping Starlink's global IP transit providers Jim Forster
@ 2025-10-26 18:43 ` J Pan
0 siblings, 0 replies; 2+ messages in thread
From: J Pan @ 2025-10-26 18:43 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jim Forster; +Cc: starlink, Anurag Bhatia
starlink exits outgoing traffic as early as possible ("hot potato") at
the source's home pop, and takes incoming traffic as late as possible
(often at the destination's home pop). only when both the source and
destination are starlink users, traverse starlink's own global
backbone, which uses circuits from other tier-1 providers, in mpls,
which can change from time to time
--
J Pan, UVic CSc, ECS566, 250-472-5796 (NO VM), Pan@UVic.CA, Web.UVic.CA/~pan
On Sun, Oct 26, 2025 at 10:38 AM Jim Forster via Starlink
<starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net> wrote:
>
> Seems relevant to some recent postings, so I am forwarding,
>
> — Jim
>
> > Begin forwarded message:
> >
> > From: "anuragbhatia.com newsletter" <newsletter@anuragbhatia.com>
> > Subject: Mapping Starlink's global IP transit providers
> > Date: October 23, 2025 at 4:03:18 PM PDT
> > To: <jim@airjaldi.net>
> >
> >
> > A new post is published on my blog, You can read the post content in this email or simply click here <https://anuragbhatia.com/post/2025/10/starlink-global-interconnection/> to read post online incase you see any formatting issues with this mail.
> >
> >
> > A while back, I posted about Starlink’s Indian upstream <https://anuragbhatia.com/post/2025/08/starlink-upstreams-in-india/>. It’s interesting that now their prefixes are not visible behind routed via Telstra - AS4637 anymore, but it seems like they are testing Mumbai-based Microscan - AS55352.
> >
> > I have always been curious about how they interconnect globally, particularly with which IP transit providers. To find out, I have to establish a relation between their GeoIP data and their BGP announcements globally. They have 2161 IP pools in the GeoIP sheet while originating an aggregate of 1109 prefixes from Starlink - AS14593.
> >
> > Hurricane Electric’s Graph_v4 for AS14593 <https://bgp.he.net/AS14593#_graph4> shows a rather complicated graph because they have different upstreams at different locations.
> >
> >
> > Here’s the logic I can follow to map:
> >
> > Their GeoIP is either /24 or smaller than /24. I created a unique pair for the aggregate /24-city pair and did a lookup only for that. E.g for Luxembourg they have 4 x /27 (87.251.24.0/27, 87.251.24.32/27, 87.251.24.192/27 and 87.251.24.224/27) coming from same /24 (87.251.24.0/24). That way, I match this with the BGP table only once and not 4 times to get the same result.
> > Extract all routes from the global routing table dump I carry in my ClickHouse table for AS14593.
> > Get a subset of routes which are visible behind known transit-free tier 1 networks (to filter out announcements via peering)
> > Break BGP table prefix,as_path mappings to /24 ASNs - AS_PATH mappings to easily map the data.
> > Look for ASN on the left side of AS_PATH as visible from various transit-free tier 1 networks. E.g. a few lines of output for 87.251.24.0/24, I get:
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[28624,61568,2914,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[262462,12956,1299,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[20253,6762,2914,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[54309,1299,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[398465,3257,1299,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[49544,2914,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[13786,2914,14593]"
> > "87.251.24.0/24","[199524,3356,2914,14593]"
> > This means AS2914 and AS1299 are the upstreams here. This is just an example. Actual output has 1005 routes, and I cannot post that long list here.
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Result
> >
> >
> > Since the number of transits is smaller than the number of locations, I mapped each location to a given transit provider. Here’s what it looks like:
> >
> > ASN AS Name Upstream for following locations
> > AS10075 Fiber@Home Global Limited Dhaka (Bangladesh)
> > AS12956 TELXIUS Cable Buenos Aires (Argentina), Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Guatemala City (Guatemala), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Lima (Peru), Managua (Nicaragua), Mexico City (Mexico), Montevideo (Uruguay), Panama City (Panama), Paris (France), Quito (Ecuador), San Jose (Costa Rica), San Salvador (El Salvador), Santiago (Chile), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Seattle (US), Stanley (Falkland Islands), Tegucigalpa (Honduras)
> > AS1299 Arelion/Telia Carrier Aden (Yemen), Amsterdam (Netherlands), Anchorage (US), Andorra la Vella (Andorra), Ashburn (US), Astana (Kazakhstan), Athens (Greece), Atlanta (US), Baku (Azerbaijan), Bamako (Mali), Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe), Beirut (Lebanon), Belgrade (Serbia), Berlin (Germany), Bratislava (Slovakia), Brucejack (Canada), Brussels (Belgium), Bucharest (Romania), Budapest (Hungary), Calgary (Canada), Cape Canaveral (US), Charlotte Amalie (U.S. Virgin Islands), Chicago (US), Chisinau (Moldova), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dallas (US), Denver (US), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Doha (Qatar), Dublin (Ireland), Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Dutch Harbor (US), Fort-de-France (Martinique), Guatemala City (Guatemala), Gustavia (Saint Barthélemy), Helsinki (Finland), Jerusalem (Israel), Kansas City (US), Khartoum (Sudan), Kingston (Jamaica), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Kukes (Albania), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Kyiv (Ukraine), Lisbon (Portugal), Ljubljana (Slovenia), London (United Kingdom), Longyearben (Svalbard, Norway), Luxembourg (Luxembourg), Madrid (Spain), Malé (Maldives), Managua (Nicaragua), Manila (Philippines), Mariehamn (Åland Islands, Finland), Marigot (Saint Martin), Mexico City (Mexico), Miami (US), Minneapolis (US), N’Djamena (Chad), Nassau (Bahamas), Nicosia (Cyprus), Nome (US), Oslo (Norway), Panama City (Panama), Paris (France), Philipsburg (Sint Maarten), Phoenix (US), Podgorica (Montenegro), Port-au-Prince (Haiti), Prague (Czech Republic), Praia (Cape Verde), Regina (Canada), Reykjavik (Iceland), Riga (Latvia), Rome (Italy), Roseau (Dominica), Saint John’s (Antigua and Barbuda), Saint Peter Port (Guernsey), Salt Lake City (US), San Jose (Costa Rica), San Juan (Puerto Rico), San Salvador (El Salvador), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Seattle (US), Singapore (Singapore), Skopje (North Macedonia), Sofia (Bulgaria), Stockholm (Sweden), Tallinn (Estonia), Tbilisi (Georgia), Tegucigalpa (Honduras), Tempe (US), Thimphu (Bhutan), Tirana (Albania), Toronto (Canada), Valletta (Malta), Vancouver (Canada), Vienna (Austria), Vilnius (Lithuania), Warsaw (Poland), Winnipeg (Canada), Yangon (Myanmar), Yerevan (Armenia), Zagreb (Croatia), Zurich (Switzerland)
> > AS137409 GSL Networks Pty LTD Adamstown (Pitcairn Islands), Apia (Samoa), Auckland (New Zealand), Avarua District (Cook Islands), Brisbane (Australia), Chicago (US), Christchurch (New Zealand), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Dallas (US), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Dili (Timor-Leste), Doha (Qatar), Funafuti (Tuvalu), Hobart (Australia), Honiara (Solomon Islands), Honolulu (US), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Malé (Maldives), Melbourne (Australia), Nuku’alofa (Tonga), Pago Pago (American Samoa), Paris (France), Perth (Australia), Port-Vila (Vanuatu), Seattle (US), Singapore (Singapore), Suva (Fiji), Sydney (Australia), Tarawa (Kiribati), Thimphu (Bhutan), Yangon (Myanmar), Yaren (Nauru)
> > AS13786 SEABORN, US Asuncion (Paraguay), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Cayenne (French Guiana), Fortaleza (Brazil), Georgetown (Guyana), Paramaribo (Suriname), Santiago (Chile), Sao Paulo (Brazil)
> > AS21859 ZEN-ECN, US Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei), Hagatna (Guam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Manila (Philippines), Palikir (Federated States of Micronesia), Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)
> > AS2516 KDDI Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Honolulu (US), Majuro (Marshall Islands), Paris (France), Seattle (US), Seoul (South Korea), Tokyo (Japan), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Yangon (Myanmar)
> > AS267613 ELETRONET S.A., BR Brasilia (Brazil), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
> > AS2914 NTT London (United Kingdom), Longyearben (Svalbard, Norway), Luxembourg (Luxembourg), Madrid (Spain), Mariehamn (Åland Islands, Finland), Montreal (Canada), New York (US), Oslo (Norway), Paris (France), Prague (Czech Republic), Praia (Cape Verde), Reykjavik (Iceland), Saint Peter Port (Guernsey), Saint-Pierre (Saint Pierre and Miquelon), Seattle (US), Stockholm (Sweden), Toronto (Canada), Vienna (Austria), Warsaw (Poland), Zurich (Switzerland)
> > AS30844 LIQUID-AS, GB Aden (Yemen), Antananarivo (Madagascar), Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Gaborone (Botswana), Gitega (Burundi), Harare (Zimbabwe), Johannesburg (South Africa), Juba (South Sudan), Khartoum (Sudan), Kigali (Rwanda), Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Lilongwe (Malawi), Lusaka (Zambia), Maputo (Mozambique), Mayotte (France), Mbabane (Eswatini), Mogadishu (Somalia), Nairobi (Kenya), Paris (France), Reunion (France), Seattle (US)
> > AS3257 GTT Ashburn (US), Astana (Kazakhstan), Athens (Greece), Baku (Azerbaijan), Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe), Beirut (Lebanon), Belgrade (Serbia), Berlin (Germany), Bratislava (Slovakia), Bucharest (Romania), Budapest (Hungary), Charlotte Amalie (U.S. Virgin Islands), Chicago (US), Chisinau (Moldova), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Fort-de-France (Martinique), Fredericton (Canada), Gustavia (Saint Barthélemy), Halifax (Canada), Hawthorne (US), Honolulu (US), Iqaluit (Canada), Kansas City (US), Khartoum (Sudan), Kingston (Jamaica), Kukes (Albania), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Kyiv (Ukraine), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Marigot (Saint Martin), Mexico City (Mexico), Miami (US), Milan (Italy), Minneapolis (US), Montreal (Canada), N’Djamena (Chad), Nassau (Bahamas), New York (US), Nicosia (Cyprus), Paris (France), Philipsburg (Sint Maarten), Podgorica (Montenegro), Port-au-Prince (Haiti), Portland (US), Prague (Czech Republic), Regina (Canada), Riga (Latvia), Rome (Italy), Roseau (Dominica), Saigon (Vietnam), Saint John’s (Antigua and Barbuda), Saint-Pierre (Saint Pierre and Miquelon), San Jose (Costa Rica), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Seattle (US), Skopje (North Macedonia), Sofia (Bulgaria), Tallinn (Estonia), Tbilisi (Georgia), Tirana (Albania), Toronto (Canada), Vaduz (Liechtenstein), Valletta (Malta), Vienna (Austria), Vilnius (Lithuania), Warsaw (Poland), Winnipeg (Canada), Yerevan (Armenia), Zagreb (Croatia), Zurich (Switzerland)
> > AS3356 Lumen/Colt/Level3 Anchorage (US), Asuncion (Paraguay), Atlanta (US), Bogota (Colombia), Brasilia (Brazil), Brasília (Brazil), Bridgetown (Barbados), Brucejack (Canada), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Calgary (Canada), Caracas (Venezuela), Castries (Saint Lucia), Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Denver (US), Doha (Qatar), Hawthorne (US), Honolulu (US), Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Kralendijk (Bonaire), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Lima (Peru), Los Angeles (US), Mexico City (Mexico), Montevideo (Uruguay), Nome (US), Panama City (Panama), Paris (France), Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), Quito (Ecuador), Saint George’s (Grenada), San Jose (Costa Rica), Santiago (Chile), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Seattle (US), Stanley (Falkland Islands), Vancouver (Canada)
> > AS37282 MAINONE, NG Abdijan (Côte d’Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Freetown (Sierra Leone), Lagos (Nigeria), Monrovia (Liberia), N’Djamena (Chad), Niamey (Niger), Porto-Novo (Benin), Yaoundé (Cameroon)
> > AS37662 WIOCC-AS, MU Abdijan (Côte d’Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Dakar (Senegal), Freetown (Sierra Leone), Harare (Zimbabwe), Juba (South Sudan), Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Lagos (Nigeria), Maputo (Mozambique), Maseru (Lesotho), Monrovia (Liberia), N’Djamena (Chad), Niamey (Niger), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), Porto-Novo (Benin), Sao Tome (São Tomé and Príncipe), Yaoundé (Cameroon)
> > AS4826 Vocus Connect Brisbane (Australia), Dili (Timor-Leste), Hobart (Australia), Honiara (Solomon Islands), Honolulu (US), Melbourne (Australia), Nuku’alofa (Tonga), Perth (Australia), Suva (Fiji), Sydney (Australia), Yaren (Nauru)
> > AS48728 VODAFONEQATAR, QA No mapping to PoP but visible upstream for non-GeoIP tagged prefixes / might be up for testing
> > AS52468 UFINET PANAMA S.A., PA Guatemala City (Guatemala), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Mexico City (Mexico), Panama City (Panama), San Jose (Costa Rica), San Salvador (El Salvador), Tegucigalpa (Honduras)
> > AS5405 INTERDOTLINK powered by Inter.link <http://inter.link/>, DE Berlin (Germany), Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Milan (Italy), Paris (France), Seattle (US), Vaduz (Liechtenstein), Vienna (Austria), Zagreb (Croatia), Zurich (Switzerland)
> > AS5416 Beyon Manama (Bahrain)
> > AS55352 Microscan No mapping to PoP but visible upstream for non-GeoIP tagged prefixes / might be up for testing
> > AS55836 Reliance Jio Mumbai (India)
> > AS55850 Mercury NZ Limited Adamstown (Pitcairn Islands), Apia (Samoa), Auckland (New Zealand), Avarua District (Cook Islands), Christchurch (New Zealand), Funafuti (Tuvalu), Honolulu (US), Pago Pago (American Samoa), Port-Vila (Vanuatu), Tarawa (Kiribati)
> > AS58717 Summit Communications Dhaka (Bangladesh)
> > AS60849 ILEVANT-AS Amman (Jordan)
> > AS6327 SHAW Billings (US), Calgary (Canada), Regina (Canada), Vancouver (Canada)
> > AS63927 RISE-HK RISE, HK Hagatna (Guam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Manila (Philippines), Palikir (Federated States of Micronesia), Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)
> > AS6453 Tata Comm No mapping to PoP but visible upstream for non-GeoIP tagged prefixes
> > AS6461 Zayo Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Fredericton (Canada), Halifax (Canada), Iqaluit (Canada), Kansas City (US), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Mexico City (Mexico), Montreal (Canada), Paris (France), Phoenix (US), Portland (US), Regina (Canada), Saint John’s (Canada), Salt Lake City (US), Seattle (US), Tempe (US), Toronto (Canada), Vancouver (Canada)
> > AS6762 TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE Asuncion (Paraguay), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Cayenne (French Guiana), Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Fortaleza (Brazil), Georgetown (Guyana), Paramaribo (Suriname), Paris (France), Santiago (Chile), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Seattle (US)
> > AS7195 EDGEUNO Bogota (Colombia), Bridgetown (Barbados), Caracas (Venezuela), Castries (Saint Lucia), Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Kralendijk (Bonaire), Kuujjuaq (Canada), Mexico City (Mexico), Panama City (Panama), Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), Quito (Ecuador), Saint George’s (Grenada), San Jose (Costa Rica), Sao Paulo (Brazil)
> > AS8529 Zain Omantel International Muscat (Oman)
> > AS8551 Bezeqint Internet Backbone Jerusalem (Israel), Ramallah (Palestine)
> > AS8781 Ooredoo Chicago (US), Dallas (US), Doha (Qatar), Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Paris (France), Seattle (US)
> >
> > The above data has been mapped from raw data which is posted here <https://cdn.anuragbhatia.com/web/post/2025/10/starlink-global-interconnection/PoP-wise-result.txt>
> >
> > Misc notes:
> >
> > Some providers are visible in the list as transit players like Tata Comm (AS6453), Vodafone Qatar (AS48728) and Microscan (AS55352), but no PoP is mapped to them. This is either because they are just testing and these are indeed their upstreams, but no mapping found in GeoIP data, OR they are upstream for a large number of prefixes as well as downstreams, which are again not in the GeoIP mapping.
> > This table above is simply showing upstream for a PoP. In many cases, the drop is local, while in many cases, the drop is not local. E.g. Arelion (AS1299) seems to be upstream in Starlink Sri Lanka IPs, while actually that’s a drop for Arelion in Singapore.
> > This post is going live on 24 Oct 2025, while I worked on most of this data on 14 Oct 2025. Routing might have changed a little bit in the last 10 days.
> >
> > Disclaimer: This is my personal blog, and hence, posts made here are in my personal capacity. These do not represent the views of my employer.
> >
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