From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: Received: from mail-ed1-x52f.google.com (mail-ed1-x52f.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::52f]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 (128/128 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by lists.bufferbloat.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 0B9B63B29D for ; Wed, 29 Jan 2025 08:10:06 -0500 (EST) Received: by mail-ed1-x52f.google.com with SMTP id 4fb4d7f45d1cf-5d442f9d285so17892a12.1 for ; Wed, 29 Jan 2025 05:10:05 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=google.com; s=20230601; t=1738156205; x=1738761005; darn=lists.bufferbloat.net; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=Tnv/OQwc/Y1O6iyV9q9WN+CYotCSZMzd8IGFCM22ZGc=; b=1IAaTwuqE7frIRuv3dDCbfJirCYPJ9YGOjKLxV1Ra8CxqAApEOIOvtt8Tdwj8WkB/y EeLk5holvBGFGba4jd0A9ZqdqFGp22zHvhXAqsulZ6K4rVaE5Cz707MioWDC1b7RvUo1 EdPoz+jSwic3tR4xDdZLvjXmY6kjnAPtT5fu4h/zLk7mXnFtX4JGbUDtgz1OR9Owauor 8z6HsFXlmnpO/0UoDqTYZE3tEpDqnXVbj/xwsdl+tWLM6LZYptNKhETOWqX2vyg1koX7 KsgziRImtrpeysc0QvcZiZkpfnjxBxkDPYxyzjrRtLmzjMu4tNBFJEdXJlbFKHb+M8bf dz+g== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1738156205; x=1738761005; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=Tnv/OQwc/Y1O6iyV9q9WN+CYotCSZMzd8IGFCM22ZGc=; b=a1xk9FMxgttpbl2VNa9Cb2eimIWH+W9sskCl0wp4WcK3eRT9bC/NxV2wBS2gXh1Qqn 8EYXSfjvbZfeSNKT/E1P/zUFjLsiQIFbLJi4XNFi9RG8BJN0aZ9d3vRRzaflV8NnWwuT 44jl17RBSFMJ0eq8du2KziFYUxHYL67MJ1tQgGVA6ZUJ2mTcFlbd9Qh5SlpBmZz0INOS QImVv+aT/6R/EVbW+GLUuk8fhNe0VVw4aj549wsdoAtTWHlZT4OiYANi28gI7Jw+z9/J zx+SxJjQc+kaFt6wTZFhatYcXGNkewY5AsmYo6sitR2c0lQ3FZW1cv2YwSK45q/SwvrS WnXg== X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0YxKpup50fXEJfEGspFDYZZSmrNogNrXpH07esrJT8BQ1O1+pJly k07jWi5hYk+e5G54NOAT/H/l/JlWen2Zp1e0JNrDCfEMG2nRxAUEznMDkKewgMCNG6knRUUtCZb DRX2VO95BifSFWWrtYbej+bY7OlwVopFSjZwS X-Gm-Gg: ASbGnctkHIP65IPdbPQGAYkD/ipKzzTTUvD3k8gC7IkHN4wHuoCBH8/0vbbEvYyKVn8 b+ManKevy5DwkVGx++EM0ZQgTH58DfKk0SOGfToCpdE29lukFpuWo95NxsKJ3uLe2w0eorj537u quu8Z6Dag+NO84hFotKqDZSkh+YxGiqNc= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IHwtsYhh5d4cPV2s7HAaGPkaeG550U3DfigduVEf6BffvQhByMVYhKfHfKN0IQoDE/2J/Rr0UK8Sg7JxTxdg+A= X-Received: by 2002:a05:6402:31e6:b0:5dc:5ae8:7e1 with SMTP id 4fb4d7f45d1cf-5dc5efcb186mr88755a12.6.1738156203480; Wed, 29 Jan 2025 05:10:03 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <021301db71d0$96340750$c29c15f0$@strandconsult.dk> <002f01db7248$9721d430$c5657c90$@strandconsult.dk> In-Reply-To: From: Vint Cerf Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 08:09:48 -0500 X-Gm-Features: AWEUYZnZkaiEedRWg-YSDVqjXJ2axeNkrEjeOh4vLjJ6ZCZAmj3I1sN04Gxe_bY Message-ID: To: Hesham ElBakoury Cc: Dave Taht via Starlink , 5grm-satellite@ieee.org Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000131b4b062cd80788" Subject: Re: [Starlink] Fwd: Here is the first edition of the report: Will LEO Satellite Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mobile Networks Obsolete? X-BeenThere: starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.20 Precedence: list List-Id: "Starlink has bufferbloat. Bad." List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 13:10:06 -0000 --000000000000131b4b062cd80788 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable thanks for sharing this analysis with which I resonate. I doubt that the LEO constellations will scale to the same extent that ground-based cellular systems have. However, they will take some traffic. Prices might also be an issue. Interestingly, video conferencing over the Internet is a substitute for traditional telephony and comes naturally thanks to the digital nature of the transmission. v On Wed, Jan 29, 2025 at 7:30=E2=80=AFAM Hesham ElBakoury via Starlink < starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net> wrote: > > ---------- Forwarded message --------- > From: John Strand > Date: Wed, Jan 29, 2025, 4:23=E2=80=AFAM > Subject: Here is the first edition of the report: Will LEO Satellite > Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mobile Networks Obsolete? > To: > > > Dear Colleague, > > > > Here is the first edition of the report: *=E2=80=9CWill LEO Satellite > Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mobile Networks Obsolete?=E2= =80=9D* > The report is a part of a signature series in Strand Consult=C2=B4s Globa= l > Project for Business Models for Broadband Cost Recovery > . > > > > This new report offers a comprehensive analysis of the role of Low-Earth > Orbit (LEO) satellites in the telecommunications industry. It examines th= e > advancements in satellite technology, the challenges in achieving service > parity with terrestrial networks, and the implications for global > connectivity. It explores the technical, economic, and regulatory factors > shaping the deployment of Direct-to-Cell satellite services and evaluates > whether these networks can complement or replace traditional cellular > infrastructure. > > > > This report aims to illuminate the forces driving developments in LEO > satellite networks, the challenges they face, and how these technologies > will likely shape the telecommunications industry's future. It aims to > provide inspiration and insights that can be used to frame discussions > about the trends and transformations affecting connectivity on a global > scale. > > > > When reading recent media and comments on various media postings, one can > quickly get the impression that satellites will replace traditional mobil= e > networks. This narrative often simplifies a complex issue, creating the > perception that satellite technology is a universal solution to global > connectivity challenges. However, a more pragmatic view reveals that > satellite networks like those operated by Starlink offer revolutionary > opportunities but are unlikely to make terrestrial mobile networks > obsolete. Instead, these technologies will coexist, each serving distinct > roles in the communication ecosystem. > > > > There are many mobile telecom operators which fear that low earth orbit > (LEO) satellite networks like Starlink and others could impact their > business in a negative way like over the top (OTT) providers. Indeed, the= re > is a concern about traffic and revenue moving away from mobile networks t= o > providers which do not have the same regulatory obligations or cost > structure. For example, in some countries, some LEO satellite providers d= o > not pay for the use of radio spectrum. These are important issues to > examine in their short, medium and long term impacts. > > > > Strand Consult=E2=80=99s global project for Broadband Cost Recovery and B= usiness > Models examines > the challenges for mobile telecom operators to build and run networks and > the set of solutions to improve return on investment. A key region > impacted by LEO satellites is the Caribbean. Strand Consult=E2=80=99s rep= ort *=E2=80=9CGigabit > Caribbean: Closing the Investment Gap in Fixed and Mobile Networks=E2=80= =9D > > *describes the inherent challenge to deliver return on investment in > remote areas with limited population and in the face of growing traffic > from outside providers which contribute zero financially to the local > economy. LEO satellites may be a double-edged sword in that they may > provide connectivity in an emergency, but they do not conform to local > regulatory requirements, nor do they participate locally financially. Th= e > issue is also relevant for rural broadband providers in the USA which > Strand Consult documented in its report =E2=80=9CBroadband Cost Recovery:= A Study > of Business Models for 50 Broadband Providers In 24 US States.=E2=80=9D > > > > > *The Satellite Race to Reach the Phone.* > > > > Among the various players in the Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite market, > Starlink , led > by Elon Musk=E2=80=99s SpaceX, has emerged as the frontrunner. With a net= work of > almost 7,000 satellites operating, 300+ (2nd generation or Gen2) > satellites have Direct-to-Cell capabilities > . > SpaceX's spectrum regulatory approach outside the U.S. has been criticize= d > for not always adhering to local licensing frameworks (e.g., cases in > India, France, and South Africa). Its reliance on spectrum that local > regulators have not officially granted can create tensions with governmen= ts > and local telecom providers. Starlink operates a global satellite network > with thousands of satellites covering areas without always having lawful > access to the spectrum on which it provides services. > > > > This is an even more significant challenge regarding the regular cellular > spectrum used for traditional mobile cellular services licensed and used = by > local telecommunication companies. Thus, it requires, at least, the > satellite operator to collaborate locally with telco operators who have t= he > usage rights of the cellular spectrum of interest. Despite these > challenges, Starlink=E2=80=99s aggressive strategy and innovative technol= ogy have > placed it light years ahead of competitors like Amazon=E2=80=99s Kuiper > and Eutelsat=E2= =80=99s > OneWeb . As of January 2025, Amazon's Project Kuiper > has not yet launched > > any operational satellites, including those with Direct-to-Cell (D2C) > capabilities. The project is still in development, with plans to deploy a > constellation of 3,236 LEO satellites to provide global broadband coverag= e. > > > > One of the most remarkable aspects of Starlink=E2=80=99s success is its a= bility to > build a functional global network without initial access to the necessary > spectrum. This bold approach has drawn comparisons to Jeff Bezos=E2=80=99= Kuiper > project, with Strand Consult humorously observing that while Bezos is sti= ll > setting up a =E2=80=9Cburger bar,=E2=80=9D Musk is already running an =E2= =80=9Cinterstellar > McDonald=E2=80=99s. > > In the report you can read about the companies that are advancing D2C > connectivity through LEO satellite constellations, aiming to connect > standard mobile devices directly to satellites. > > > > Among them, AST SpaceMobile > has launched > five operational satellites, detailed in FCC filings, to deliver 4G and 5= G > services globally, with plans to expand its network with up to 243 > satellites. AST SpaceMobile's advanced phased-array antenna, BlueWalker 3 > , is one of > the most powerful in the industry required to deliver good quality servic= es > to unmodified cellular consumer devices. Similarly, Lynk Global > has deployed > satellites to provide coverage in remote areas, emphasizing partnerships > with telecom operators and regulatory approvals. > > > > Geespace , part of Geely Technology Group, has > launched 30 satellites in China and plans to expand to 72 by 2025, > targeting global broadband and D2C capabilities. The Qianfan ("Thousand > Sails") constellation > , > in intent and capabilities closest to SpaceX, is another Chinese initiati= ve > that has deployed 54 satellites and aims for over 15,000 by 2030, > positioning itself as a major player in satellite-based communications. U= S > and Chinese initiatives drive significant advancements in D2C technology, > integrating satellite connectivity into everyday communications and > addressing global coverage challenges. > > > > *Some Takeaways.* > > > > Direct-to-Cell LEO satellite networks face considerable technology hurdle= s > in providing services comparable to terrestrial cellular networks. > > > > - *They must overcome substantial free-space path loss* and ensure > uplink connectivity from low-power mobile devices with omnidirectional > antennas. > - Cellular devices transmit at low power (typically 23=E2=80=9330 dBm)= , making > it *very challenging for uplink cellular signals* to reach satellites > in LEO at 300=E2=80=931,200 km altitudes, particularly if the cellular= device is > indoor. > - Uplink signals from multiple devices within a satellite beam area > can overlap, creating *interference that challenges the satellite=E2= =80=99s > ability to separate and process individual uplink signals*. > - *Must address bandwidth limitations* and efficiently reuse spectrum > while minimizing interference with terrestrial and other satellite net= works. > - Scaling globally may *require satellites to carry varied payload > configurations to accommodate regional spectrum requirements*, > increasing technical complexity and deployment expenses. > - Operating on terrestrial frequencies *necessitates dynamic spectrum > sharing and interference mitigation strategies*, especially in densely > populated areas, limiting coverage efficiency and capacity. > - > > On the regulatory front, integrating D2C satellite services into existing > mobile ecosystems is complex. Spectrum licensing is a key issue, as > satellite operators must either share frequencies already allocated to > terrestrial mobile operators or secure dedicated satellite spectrum. > > > > - *Securing access to shared or dedicated spectrum*, particularly > negotiating with terrestrial operators to use licensed frequencies. > - *Avoiding interference* between satellite and terrestrial networks > requires detailed agreements and advanced spectrum management techniqu= es. > - *Navigating fragmented regulatory frameworks* in Europe, where > national licensing requirements vary significantly. > - The high administrative and operational *burden of scaling globally*= diminishes > economic benefits, particularly in regions where terrestrial networks > already dominate. > > > > The idea of D2C-capable satellite networks making terrestrial cellular > networks obsolete is ambitious but fraught with practical limitations. > While LEO satellites offer unparalleled reach in remote and underserved > areas, they struggle to match terrestrial networks=E2=80=99 capacity, rel= iability, > and low latency in urban and suburban environments. The high density of > base stations in terrestrial networks enables them to handle far greater > traffic volumes, especially for data-intensive applications. > > > > The regulatory and operational constraints surrounding using terrestrial > mobile frequencies for D2C services severely limit scalability. This > fragmentation makes it difficult to achieve global coverage seamlessly an= d > increases operational and economic inefficiencies. While D2C services hol= d > promise for addressing connectivity gaps in remote areas, their ability t= o > scale as a comprehensive alternative to terrestrial networks is hampered = by > these challenges. Unless global regulatory harmonization or innovative > technical solutions emerge, D2C networks will likely remain a > complementary, sub-scale solution rather than a standalone replacement fo= r > terrestrial mobile networks. > > > > The report *"Will LEO Satellite Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make > Traditional Mobile Networks Obsolete?"* is valuable for mobile operators > and their shareholders, policymakers, security and defense analysts, > network engineers, and other professionals. > > > > Let me know your feedback and questions. > > > > Best regards, > > > > > > John Strand > > > > > > Strand Consult is an independent, privately owned consultancy company. Ou= r > main focus is in the wireless sector, what it looks like, how it is > developing and how it influences a number of other sectors. Through our > research, reports, workshops and consulting, we help create and expand ou= r > customers=E2=80=99 revenue streams by maximising the use of all the new > possibilities and opportunities that arise with new technologies and > business strategies. About Strand Consult > > > > Our primary customers are national and international mobile operators and > our list of customers currently includes over 170 mobile operators spread > across Europe, South America, North America, Australia, Asia and Africa. > Based on our research and work with mobile operators we additionally help > many customers in the technology industry and the media sector who want t= o > learn more about how the telecom industry is influencing their industry. > > > > We are regarded as one of the leading authorities on mobile technologies, > business and revenue models and distribution strategies. Our reports are > both strategic and cross-disciplinary in their outlook. They do not focus > on a single area, but always examine subjects from five different angles; > operators, technology providers, distribution, content providers and whic= h > existing or new business strategies will have the greatest probability of > being successful. Most of our customers have saved a great deal of money = on > consultancy services by purchasing and using our strategic reports. > > > > Strand Consult is the supplier of some of the most sought after lecturers > in the mobile world. We frequently speak at a great number of the > International conferences about the mobile and media world and how they > will develop in the future. You can read more about which conferences we > will be speaking at on our website Conferences > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Starlink mailing list > Starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net > https://lists.bufferbloat.net/listinfo/starlink > --=20 Please send any postal/overnight deliveries to: Vint Cerf Google, LLC 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 16th Floor Reston, VA 20190 +1 (571) 213 1346 until further notice --000000000000131b4b062cd80788 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
thanks for sharing this analysis with which I resonate. I = doubt that the LEO constellations will scale to the same extent that ground= -based cellular systems have. However, they will take some traffic. Prices = might also be an issue. Interestingly, video conferencing over the Internet= is a substitute for traditional telephony and comes naturally thanks to th= e digital nature of the transmission.=C2=A0

v
=

On Wed, Jan 29, 2025 at 7:30=E2=80=AFAM Hes= ham ElBakoury via Starlink <starlink@lists.bufferbloat.net> wrote:

---------- Forwarded= message ---------
From: John Strand <js@strandconsult.dk>
Date: Wed,= Jan 29, 2025, 4:23=E2=80=AFAM
Subject: Here is the first edition of the= report: Will LEO Satellite Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mo= bile Networks Obsolete?
To: <info@strandconsult.dk>


Dear Col= league,

=C2=A0

Here is the first edition of the report: =E2=80=9CWill LEO Satellite= Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mobile Networks Obsolete?=E2= =80=9D The report is a part of a signature series in Strand Consult=C2= =B4s Global Project for Business Models for Br= oadband Cost Recovery.

= =C2=A0

This new report offers a comprehensive analysis of = the role of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in the telecommunications indu= stry. It examines the advancements in satellite technology, the challenges = in achieving service parity with terrestrial networks, and the implications= for global connectivity. It explores the technical, economic, and regulato= ry factors shaping the deployment of Direct-to-Cell satellite services and = evaluates whether these networks can complement or replace traditional cell= ular infrastructure.

=C2=A0

This report aims to illuminate the forces driving developm= ents in LEO satellite networks, the challenges they face, and how these tec= hnologies will likely shape the telecommunications industry's future. I= t aims to provide inspiration and insights that can be used to frame discus= sions about the trends and transformations affecting connectivity on a glob= al scale.

=C2=A0

When reading recent media and comments on various media postings, one= can quickly get the impression that satellites will replace traditional mo= bile networks. This narrative often simplifies a complex issue, creating th= e perception that satellite technology is a universal solution to global co= nnectivity challenges. However, a more pragmatic view reveals that satellit= e networks like those operated by Starlink offer revolutionary opportunitie= s but are unlikely to make terrestrial mobile networks obsolete. Instead, t= hese technologies will coexist, each serving distinct roles in the communic= ation ecosystem.

=C2=A0

There are many mobile telecom operators which fear that low earth orbi= t (LEO) satellite networks like Starlink and others could impact their busi= ness in a negative way like over the top (OTT) providers. Indeed, there is = a concern about traffic and revenue moving away from mobile networks to pro= viders which do not have the same regulatory obligations or cost structure.= For example, in some countries, some LEO satellite providers do not pay fo= r the use of radio spectrum. These are important issues to examine in their= short, medium and long term impacts.

=C2=A0

Strand Consult=E2=80=99s global project for Broadband Cost Recovery and Business Models examines the challenges f= or mobile telecom operators to build and run networks and the set of soluti= ons to improve return on investment.=C2=A0 A key region impacted by LEO sat= ellites is the Caribbean. Strand Consult=E2=80=99s report =E2=80=9CGigabi= t Caribbean: Closing the Investment Gap in Fixed and Mobile Networks=E2=80=9D describes the inherent = challenge to deliver return on investment in remote areas with limited popu= lation and in the face of growing traffic from outside providers which cont= ribute zero financially to the local economy. LEO satellites may be a doubl= e-edged sword in that they may provide connectivity in an emergency, but th= ey do not conform to local regulatory requirements, nor do they participate= locally financially.=C2=A0 The issue is also relevant for rural broadband = providers in the USA which Strand Consult documented in its report =E2=80=9CBroadband Cost Recovery: A Study of Busines= s Models for 50 Broadband Providers In 24 US States.=E2=80=9D=

=C2=A0

The= Satellite Race to Reach the Phone.

=C2= =A0

Among the various players in the Low-Earth Orb= it (LEO) satellite market, Starlink, led= by Elon Musk=E2=80=99s SpaceX, has emerged as the frontrunner. With a netw= ork of almost 7,000 satellites operating, 300+ (2nd generation o= r Gen2) satellites have Direct-to-Cell capabilities. SpaceX'= s spectrum regulatory approach outside the U.S. has been criticized for not= always adhering to local licensing frameworks (e.g., cases in India, Franc= e, and South Africa). Its reliance on spectrum that local regulators have n= ot officially granted can create tensions with governments and local teleco= m providers. Starlink operates a global satellite network with thousands of= satellites covering areas without always having lawful access to the spect= rum on which it provides services.

= =C2=A0

This is an even more significant challeng= e regarding the regular cellular spectrum used for traditional mobile cellu= lar services licensed and used by local telecommunication companies. Thus, = it requires, at least, the satellite operator to collaborate locally with t= elco operators who have the usage rights of the cellular spectrum of intere= st. Despite these challenges, Starlink=E2=80=99s aggressive strategy and in= novative technology have placed it light years ahead of competitors like Amazon=E2=80=99s Kuiper and Eutelsat=E2=80= =99s O= neWeb. As of January 2025, Amazon's Project Kuiper has not yet launched any operati= onal satellites, including those with Direct-to-Cell (D2C) capabilities. Th= e project is still in development, with plans to deploy a constellation of = 3,236 LEO satellites to provide global broadband coverage.

=C2=A0

One of the most rem= arkable aspects of Starlink=E2=80=99s success is its ability to build a fun= ctional global network without initial access to the necessary spectrum. Th= is bold approach has drawn comparisons to Jeff Bezos=E2=80=99 Kuiper projec= t, with Strand Consult humorously observing that while Bezos is still setti= ng up a =E2=80=9Cburger bar,=E2=80=9D Musk is already running an =E2=80=9Ci= nterstellar McDonald=E2=80=99s.

In the repo= rt you can read about the companies that are advancing D2C connectivity thr= ough LEO satellite constellations, aiming to connect standard mobile device= s directly to satellites.

<= span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-family:Arial,sans-serif">=C2=A0=

Among them, AST SpaceM= obile has launched five operational satellites, detailed in FCC filings= , to deliver 4G and 5G services globally, with plans to expand its network = with up to 243 satellites. AST SpaceMobile's advanced phased-array ante= nna, BlueWalker 3, is one of the most p= owerful in the industry required to deliver good quality services to unmodi= fied cellular consumer devices. Similarly, Ly= nk Global has deployed satellites to provide coverage in remote areas, = emphasizing partnerships with telecom operators and regulatory approvals.

=C2=A0

Geesp= ace, part of Geely Technology Group, has launched 30 satellites in Chin= a and plans to expand to 72 by 2025, targeting global broadband and D2C cap= abilities. The Qianfan ("Thousand Sails= ") constellation, in intent and capabilities closest to SpaceX, is= another Chinese initiative that has deployed 54 satellites and aims for ov= er 15,000 by 2030, positioning itself as a major player in satellite-based = communications. US and Chinese initiatives drive significant advancements i= n D2C technology, integrating satellite connectivity into everyday communic= ations and addressing global coverage challenges.

<= p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0

Some Takeaways.<= /u>

=C2=A0

= Direct-to-Cell LEO satellite networks face considerable technology hurdles = in providing services comparable to terrestrial cellular networks.

=C2=A0

  • They must overcome substantial free-sp= ace path loss=C2=A0and ensure uplink connectivity from low-power mobile devices= with omnidirectional antennas.
  • Cellular = devices transmit at low power (typically 23=E2=80=9330 dBm), making it=C2= =A0very challenging for uplink cellular signals=C2=A0to reach satell= ites in LEO at 300=E2=80=931,200 km altitudes, particularly if the cellular= device is indoor.
  • Uplink signals from mu= ltiple devices within a satellite beam area can overlap, creating=C2=A0i= nterference that challenges the satellite=E2=80=99s ability to separate and= process individual uplink signals.
  • Must address=C2=A0bandwidth limitations=C2=A0and efficiently reuse=C2=A0spec= trum while minimizing interference with terrestrial and other satellite net= works.
  • Scaling globally may=C2=A0requi= re satellites to carry varied payload configurations to accommodate regiona= l spectrum requirements, increasing technical complexity and deployment= expenses.
  • Operating on terrestrial frequ= encies=C2=A0necessitates dynamic spectrum sharing and interference mitig= ation strategies, especially in densely populated areas, limiting cover= age efficiency and capacity.
  • =C2= =A0

On the regulatory front, integrating D2C= satellite services into existing mobile ecosystems is complex. Spectrum li= censing is a key issue, as satellite operators must either share frequencie= s already allocated to terrestrial mobile operators or secure dedicated sat= ellite spectrum.

=C2=A0

  • Securing access to shared or dedicated spectrum, particularly neg= otiating with terrestrial operators to use licensed frequencies.<= /u>
  • Avoiding interference=C2=A0between satellite and ter= restrial networks requires detailed agreements and advanced spectrum manage= ment techniques.
  • Navigating fragmented= regulatory frameworks=C2=A0in Europe, where national licensing requirements va= ry significantly.
  • The high administrative= and operational=C2=A0burden of scaling globally=C2=A0diminishes eco= nomic benefits, particularly in regions where terrestrial networks already = dominate.

=C2=A0

The idea of D2C-capable satellite networks making terrestrial= cellular networks obsolete is ambitious but fraught with practical limitat= ions. While LEO satellites offer unparalleled reach in remote and underserv= ed areas, they struggle to match terrestrial networks=E2=80=99 capacity, re= liability, and low latency in urban and suburban environments. The high den= sity of base stations in terrestrial networks enables them to handle far gr= eater traffic volumes, especially for data-intensive applications.

=C2=A0

The regulato= ry and operational constraints surrounding using terrestrial mobile frequen= cies for D2C services severely limit scalability. This fragmentation makes = it difficult to achieve global coverage seamlessly and increases operationa= l and economic inefficiencies. While D2C services hold promise for addressi= ng connectivity gaps in remote areas, their ability to scale as a comprehen= sive alternative to terrestrial networks is hampered by these challenges. U= nless global regulatory harmonization or innovative technical solutions eme= rge, D2C networks will likely remain a complementary, sub-scale solution ra= ther than a standalone replacement for terrestrial mobile networks.<= u>

=C2=A0

The report = &q= uot;Will LEO Satellite Direct-to-Cellular Networks Make Traditional Mobile = Networks Obsolete?" =C2=A0is valuable for mobile operators and their s= hareholders, policymakers, security and defense analysts, network engineers= , and other professionals.

= =C2=A0

Let me know your feedback and questions. =

=C2=A0

Best regards,=

=C2=A0

= =C2=A0

John Strand

=

=C2=A0

=C2=A0<= /p>

Strand Consult is an independent, pri= vately owned consultancy company. Our main focus is in the wireless sector,= what it looks like, how it is developing and how it influences a number of= other sectors. Through our research, reports, workshops and consulting, we= help create and expand our customers=E2=80=99 revenue streams by maximisin= g the use of all the new possibilities and opportunities that arise with ne= w technologies and business strategies. About Strand Consult

=C2=A0<= /p>

Our primary customers are national an= d international mobile operators and our list of customers currently includ= es over 170 mobile operators spread across Europe, South America, North Ame= rica, Australia, Asia and Africa. Based on our research and work with mobil= e operators we additionally help many customers in the technology industry = and the media sector who want to learn more about how the telecom industry = is influencing their industry.

=C2=A0

We are regarded as one of the leading authorities on mobile technolo= gies, business and revenue models and distribution strategies. Our reports = are both strategic and cross-disciplinary in their outlook. They do not foc= us on a single area, but always examine subjects from five different angles= ; operators, technology providers, distribution, content providers and whic= h existing or new business strategies will have the greatest probability of= being successful. Most of our customers have saved a great deal of money o= n consultancy services by purchasing and using our strategic reports.

=C2=A0=

Strand Consult is the supplie= r of some of the most sought after lecturers in the mobile world. We freque= ntly speak at a great number of the International conferences about the mob= ile and media world and how they will develop in the future. You can read m= ore about which conferences we will be speaking at on our website Conferences

=C2= =A0

=C2=A0

=C2=A0

<= /div> _______________________________________________
Starlink mailing list
Starlin= k@lists.bufferbloat.net
https://lists.bufferbloat.net/listinfo/starlink


--
Please send any postal/overnight deliveries= to:
Vint Cerf
Google, LLC
1900 Reston M= etro Plaza, 16th Floor
Reston, VA 20190
+1 (571) 213 13= 46


until further notice



--000000000000131b4b062cd80788--